Essay due Tuesday

Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods used by Cavour
and Bismarck to bring about the unification of Italy and of Germany, respectively. (2008B)

POWER MONDAY:  I've got about 10 people in each class with whom i need to discuss their DBQs.  You can work on the essay in class while i'm doing this. Bring your book.

Comments

[Kimberly]

Why does Kagan not acknowledge the "twist" in the Italian unification story? Do not all historians think that Garibaldi was working with Carvour or is Kagan just too boring to put something interesting in his textbook?

[adams]

Section 1 (varsity)

Crimean War- 1854 – 1856
the war fought over the Eastern Question. Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France vs. Russia. It was poorly fought and was costly to both sides. (According to your text book) It resulted in the demise of the Concert of Europe by weakening Russia and turning it against Austria (who didn’t support Russia despite Russia’s bailing out Austria in 1848). Uh oh, looks like the harmony is over. France hates Germany, Russia hates Austria, etc. this is going to get ugly ( . . . WWI).

Section 1 (B-Team)

Florence Nightingale-
a British nurse during the Crimean War. Founded the Red Cross. She helped to make nursing a profession of trained, middle-class women

Eastern Question
- the question over which nation would be the chief beneficiary of the disintegration of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. It’s falling apart in the 1800s, who will pick up territory. Austria and Russia are in competition for the best parts.

Section 3 ITALY (Varsity)

Kingdom of Italy 1861-
The Kingdom of Italy was first proclaimed after the joining of the expanded kingdom of Piedmont with Garibaldi’s southern Italian states in 1861. The only remaining lands left to be gained were Venetia (Austrian controlled) and Rome (French protected) Through a series of wars, the unification was completed in 1870 when Rome became the new capital of Italy. (Trick question: Kingdom of Italy created in 1861, Italian peninsula unified in 1870)

Sardinia-Piedmont
Under the leadership of Cavour it led the unification of Italy. Expanded it’s power to became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Cavour-
Architect of Italian unification a liberal-minded nobleman who was named prime minister of Piedmont in 1852 by Emmanuel II. Cavour was a moderate who favored constitutional government. He used France to oust Austria from northern Italy. This allowed him to unite much of northern Italy under the rule of Piedmont and in 1861 combined Piedmont with Garibaldi’s southern section, forming the Kingdom of Italy.

Victor Emanuel II First King of Italy.
Previously had been King of Piedmont with Cavour as his Prime Minister
Should have changed his title to King Victor Emanuel I of Italy, but kept his number (II) of the Kingdom of Piedmont. This caused a bit of backlash among Italians.

Risorgimento-
Mazzini’s Liberal & nationalistic movement for a unified Italy (a republic free from foreign control). His liberal nationalism failed in 1848, and Italy was eventually unified by the actions of Cavour’s more conservative Piedmont. (Liberals support republics, not monarchies) (sounds like Germany doesn’t it?)

Garibaldi – Italian unification!
Italian nationalist. His Red Shirts, using guerrilla warfare, helped southern Italy gain independence. Began a victorious /popular march up the Italian peninsula. (At the same time that Cavour was liberating northern Italy). Garibaldi didn’t push to gain control of all of Italy, fearing the split it would cause, so he instead gave his southern portion to Cavour. Thus Italy was created in 1861

Section 3 ITALY (B-Team)

Romantic Republicanism
The ineffective approach to unification of Italy. This approach by secret societies and liberals failed to unify Italy in 1830 and 1848.

Carbonari

Papal States-
Area in central Italy governed by Rome & the pope. The area of danger between Cavour and Garibaldi

Red Shirts- Garibaldi’s nationalist volunteers

Young Italy Movement-
Mazzini’s failed republican cause for a unified Italy (supported by Garibaldi) back in 1848


SECTION 4 Germany (Varsity)

Realpolitik
- the “politics of reality”, of which Bismarck, the “ultimate realist”, was the foremost 19th century practitioner.
Mr Adams’ Real world definition: People tend to use this concept to justify whatever they wish to do when you disagree with them and find their action morally questionable.

Otto Von Bismarck: Creator of modern Germany
Prime minister of Prussia under William I. Often portrayed as the ultimate realist (Realpolitik). Separated nationalism from liberalism and combined it with authoritarian government. Largely ignored parliament. Through war (blood & Iron) created the Second German Empire in 1871. Through his leadership Germany became the strongest power on the Continent.

King William I (Kaiser Wilhelm I)
First king of a united Germany! was proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire (the first was the Holy Roman Empire) in 1871. Bismarck was his Prime Minister when he had been King of Prussia, and continued in that role when he became King of Germany.

Prussia & Austria
The two rivals were considered by German nationalists as the only two states powerful enough to dominate German affairs. Prussia became the dominate power after the Austro-Prussian War of 1861. Austria’s defeat enabled Bismarck to create Germany by expanding Prussian control.

“Blood & Iron”
- Bismarck’s method for unifying Germany. His method of hardball politics and war was successful and was very different from the failed liberal attempts back in 1848. Germany would be created from above by an authoritarian regime, not a bunch of egg-head intellectuals taking to the streets. “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power… Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the mistake of 1848-49 - but by iron and blood.”.

Ems Dispatch
Famous telegram that Bismarck used to goad the French into declaring war on Prussia. Thus France was technically the aggressor. Bismarck edited this telegram to make it appear that the Prussian king had insulted the French minister and then he released it to the French press. Nationalism in France went into hyper-mode.

Franco-Prussian War (1871)-
War between Prussia and France that
1) ended the Second French Empire (in Section 4)
2) created the German Empire. (in Section 3)
3) gave Italy the opportunity to seize Rome! (in Section 2)
Bismarck’s manipulated France into this war with the Ems Dispatch. France was forced to give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. The bitterness over this defeat will have a big impact on France, and the euphoria of victory will have a big impact on Germany.

The German Empire 1871-1918
Created in 1871 by the maneuvering of Bismarck. Although it possessed the appearance of liberal institutions (parliament, Constitution, etc) it possessed none of the substance of liberalism. It was a government dominated by the conservative Military, Junkers, and Monarchy.

SECTION 4 Germany (B-Team)

Danish War (1864) A & P vs D
This short war was a part of Bismarck’s master plan to exclude Austria from his new Germany. Germany and Austria would administer the newly acquired Schleswig-Holstein.

Schleswig-Holstein-
Territory taken from the Danes by Prussia/Austria as part of Bismarck’s grander scheme against the Austrians. Bismarck got Austria to join Prussia in declaring war on Denmark in 1864, quickly defeating the Danes and taking Schleswig-Holstein. Austria and Prussia governed the region. Bismarck did all this just so he could have an excuse later to begin a war with Austria over the joint administration of these newly gained territories.

Austro-Prussian War
Part of Bismarck’s plan to weaken Austria. Started over Schleswig-Holstein and was over in 7 weeks. Prussia dominated Austria, weakened it, and made German unification under Prussian dominance possible.

North German Confederation-
formed after the Austro-Prussian war, it combined German states north of the Main River into a Confederation controlled largely by Prussia. Southern German states meanwhile were coerced into signing military agreements with Prussia.

[Kangsta]

Can one similarity be that they both followed Realpolitick? Even though Cavour is not explicitly said to follow it, could we make a case that he didn't think the romantic republicanism/nationalistic uprisings would work and realistic diplomacy was required?

[adams]

Kangsta, ab-so-lutely.
I would think it would be impossible to argue otherwise

[He who shall not be named]

Is it okay if we organize it like a paragraph for Italy/ Cavour and one for Germany/ Bismarck and then one on the similarities between them? Or how else would u suggest we organize it?

[adams]

He who shall not be named,
heck no.

Pick a topic, talk about that topic from each of their perspectives.

Examples:
Rejection of the methods of 1848/romantic republicanism.

or "use of wars" as opposed to revolution.

[A 10th Grader]

Would it be bad if we organized it with two being major similarities and one being a major contrast?

[A 10th Grader]

Or could we organize a paragraph about how they both used secret tactics to aquire unification, but they both used them in different ways? kind of having a similarity and a contrast? or is that too much of a stretch?

[Virginia]

I'm doing the two similarities and a difference, but I can't think of a difference that I can write a whole paragraph about...any ideas??

[adams]

Virginia, i think 10th grader is onto something,

maybe do 3 compare paragraphs and then sprinkle in minor differences where appropriate.

I think this is an acceptable approach AS LONG as you address the minor differences in the thesis

OPTION 2
What about the type of wars each dealt with.
Bismarck had to go to war with great powers without allies; whereas Cavour USED the great powers (france) against one another (v austria).

[A 10th Grader]

Italy didn't seem to have any real fights but prearranged ones unlike Prussia who provoked actual wars. Is that significant at all? I just noticed it.

[broccoli rob]

isnt the rejection of romantic republicanism basically the same thing as realpolitik?

[Bubbles]

can one paragraph be that Cavour tried to unite through liberal actions while Bismark tried uniting through conservative methods?

[Chelsey]

I am trying to figure out my contrast paragraph i was originally thinking foreign policy but is there enough to write a whole paragraph!?!?

[adams]

bubbles, yes (but if anyone disagrees don't panic- those words are very open to interpretation)

Rob, yes

chelsey, go with what you got

[Jason]

apologies for the wrong chemistry test date..mr marrero told me after class it was thursday but i guess its not....?????